![]() These are active in growth and ossify when growth is completed in early adulthoodįound in the wrist and ankle (carpals and tarsals) The epiphyses contain epiphyseal cartilage/plates near each end of the bone. Tubular in shape with a central shaft (diaphysis) which contains bone marrowĬompletely covered (except for joint surfaces) in periosteum Their shape and structure are governed by genetic, metabolic and mechanical factors (see Table 4.1). Adults have approximately 206, varying slightly between individuals depending on small bone fusion during growth.īones are classified in many ways. At birth there are over 300 bones, some of which fuse later. The skeleton is strong, light and flexible, representing about 20% of the total body weight, half of which is water. These structures work in unison to allow movement. The skeleton is made of bone, cartilage and ligaments. Opposition – moving of the thumb to the fingers or the palm for grasping objects.One term does not relate to a pair and is unique to the movement of the thumb: Depression – motion of the limb downwards e.g.Elevation – motion of the limb upwards e.g.Retraction – movement backwards in the transverse plane e.g.biting the upper lip with the lower teeth. Protraction – movement forward in the transverse plane e.g.Rotation – rotation of a joint along the horizontal axis of the bone laterally or medially.Dorsiflexion – the toes are pushed up towards the body.Plantar flexion – the toes are pushed down away from the body.Eversion – movement of the foot and ankle, leaving the sole of the foot facing away from the midline.Inversion – movement of the foot and ankle, leaving the sole of the foot facing towards the midline.Adduction – movement of the limb towards the midline.Abduction – movement of the limb away from the midline.Supination – rotation of the arm so the hand faces forwards.Pronation – rotation of the arm the hand faces away from the anatomical position to face backwards.Extension – straightening movement the angle of the joint is increased.Flexion – bending movement the angle of a joint is decreased.Box 4.1 gives the most commonly used terms. Anatomical terminology and movementĪnatomical directions and terminology assists practitioners to use a systematic approach to describing and orientating the human body. This material is reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The transverse (horizontal) plane – lies horizontally through the body dividing it into superior and inferior parts.įigure 4.2 Planes of the body.The coronal (frontal) plane – lies vertically through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior parts.The sagittal (vertical/median) plane – lies vertically through the body dividing it into left and right parts.Human movement is described in three dimensions (or planes) which divide the human body ( Figure 4.2) The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle and the upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs that make movement possible and protect the organs of the pelvis. It provides structural support, attachment points for ligaments and muscles and protection for the brain, spinal cord and major organs of the chest. The skeleton has two distinct sections: The axial skeleton consists of the skull bones, inner ear, ribs, vertebrae and sternum. This material is reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. the patient) not the left and right of the observer.įigure 4.1 Anatomical position. When referring to the right and left of the body it is the right and left of the person who is the subject of discussion (e.g. The human body is described as being in anatomical position when the body is upright with the head facing forward, hands at the side facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body and the feet hip-width apart with the feet and toes pointing forward ( Figure 4.1). It is also essential to provide a common language which is effective in interdisciplinary communication as this ensures practitioners can explain specific conditions, injuries, surgery and treatment to other staff, patients and relatives to enable them to engage in their care. It is essential that orthopaedic and trauma practitioners know and understand the terms used to describe anatomical positions and the structures involved in musculoskeletal conditions, injuries and surgery to facilitate safe, high quality care. Structure and function are linked and it is impossible to discuss one without the other. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of musculoskeletal structure and function while relating it to human movement. The musculoskeletal system and human movementĢ Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, UK Introduction ![]()
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